翻譯專業(yè)開題報告(化學專業(yè)開題報告)
翻譯專業(yè)開題報告
翻譯專業(yè)開題報告
開題報告是畢業(yè)論文答辯委員會對學生答辯資格審查的一個重要依據(jù)材料。下面是小編為大家收集整理的翻譯專業(yè)開題報告，歡迎閱讀。
翻譯專業(yè)開題報告一
How to Deal with Ellipsis in English-Chinese Translation
I. Purpose and Significance
With the development of globalization, the world’s political, economic and cultural communications are becoming increasingly frequent. Therefore, the role of translation cannot be ignored. However, the differences between English and Chinese cultures that are reflected in the two languages pose considerable difficulty.
It is acknowledged that when doing translation one can not translate word for word, or sentence by sentence. Therefore, we must use some translation strategies such as amplification, ellipsis, conversion and so on. Ellipsis as one of the basic translation methods plays an essential role in English-Chinese rendition. Translators apply it in order to make their versions more coherent and understandable.
According to the Oxford Advanced Learner’s English-Chinese Dictionary, ellipsis means leaving out a word or words from a sentence deliberately, when the meaning can be understood without them. Ellipsis in translation does not mean cutting some content from the original articles. What could be omitted are words that are useless in translated works or else they will make the versions redundant or disobey the manner of expression in another language.
Some words and phrases are useless in Chinese but necessary in English. Articles in English are the most significant phenomenon from this aspect. They are very important in English, but we can hardly see any reflection of this part in Chinese. Ellipsis is designed on the basis of faithfulness to the original text, making it more fluent, smooth, concise, thus conforming to idiomatic Chinese. The paper will explore ellipsis in English-Chinese translation from five aspects, which are ellipses of pronouns, conjunctions, articles, prepositions, modifications, so as to achieve smoother and clearer communications among China and English-speaking countries.
II. Literature Review
Long before, some people began to learn other countries’ languages to understand others cultures. In China, Xuanzang was the first translator who not only translated the Sanskrit sutras into Chinese, but introduced the first Chinese writings to foreign countries, making foreigners understand China’s ancient culture. Meanwhile, he was the first to translate Lao Tse's works into Sanskrit. Indian scholars had a high opinion of Xuanzang, "In China, there is no such great translator, and also in the human cultural history, we can only say that Xuanzang is the first great translator."(Ye Lang, 2008) We can say that it was Xuanzang who motivated people to know the different parts of the world, their cultures and the peoples who live there. Then, some big countries such as America, China, and so on became a melting pot.(Gu Zhengkun, 2000) People have imperceptibly spent thousands of years in knowing each other.
With China’s entry into WTO and its open-up policy, cross-cultural exchanges are increasingly frequent between this country and others. A lot of foreign tourists come to visit China. While traveling, these foreigners are not satisfied with the translations of the scenic spots. Sometimes, they even feel confused. A lot of problems exist in the translation, such as misuse of words, poor expression of meaning and so on. All of these poor translations do harm to our country’s international image, and cause a lot of inconveniences for the foreign visitors. (Ma Zuyi, 2000). I am fond of tourism and being a free tourist like the others who are good at enjoying their wonderful lives. The love of tourism makes me feel the need to improve the translation. But every time when I have a trip, many unsuitable translations of the names of those scenic spots will embarrass me. Tourism is part of intercultural communication, so proper translation of the scenic spots become more and more important to our country.
Communication plays a significant role in the globalized society. In order to know each other better, people from all over the world have tried a verity of ways. Of course, translation is one of them. All translators have done their best to make the translated works more consistent with the needs of people.(Gu Jinming, 1997) From my perspective, they really have done a great job. And I want to retrospect the cause of their development. After a thorough evaluation, I choose a branch of translation—ellipsis in translation from English to Chinese, then I did the following jobs.
I put all my researches and other stuffs together, and then I found that it is a common case in English and Chinese which draws much academic interest. In 1976, Halliday and Hsan classified ellipsis into nominal, verbal and clausal ellipsis. This classification exerts great influence in academic circle. Thereafter, ellipsis in Chinese and English has been studied according to this theory, which is based on different layers of structure. This kind of study underlines differentiations and similarities of ellipsis in Chinese and English.
Another famous theory to explain ellipsis is Economy Principle. Economy Principle was put forward by Chomsky (1991,1993, and 1995) in his Generate Crammer. It maintains that language and linguistic study follow Economy Principle, which means using the least effort to express the most information. This principle just coincides with ellipsis in function.
In this thesis, I think that brevity is the most obvious and common function of ellipsis, especially in daily language. And in both English and Chinese, people advocate brevity. Shakespeare once remarked, “brevity is the soul of wit”, and in Chinese there are numerous idioms like “yan jian yi gai” (meaning compendious). However, apart from the function of brevity, ellipsis embodies other functions which are also pretty common in the two languages but less noticed.(Hua Xianfa,2002)These functions distribute in both English and Chinese unevenly and represent great colorfulness of language. Exploring other functions of ellipsis and searching for functional recreation in translation will be of much benefit to both English to Chinese and Chinese to English translation.
I found that when Chinese authors try to analyse ellipsis in English to Chinese translation, they always initially put articles in the list. They consider that it is a common phenomenon that Chinese always leave out personal articles. While it is obviously different in English that almost every sentence has a subject, we can see articles fluently. That is because when we translate from English to Chinese, personal articles can be omitted, even though sometimes it may appear once, it can also be omitted if necessary. Furthermore, if the objects can be seen obviously, personal articles should also be omitted. However, it never happens in English. From this point, it is not only allowable but also necessary when we translate personal articles which are objects in sentences into Chinese.
In my point of view, the development of society has in some way has deliberately promoted the way of people’s thinking, translation system has become more and more perfect, people from all over the world have enjoyed the convenience. However, we can not neglect that there are still some problems in this field in China, and we have less influential Chinese translators in the world. Therefore, we still have a long way to go in translation.
III. Feasibility Analysis
This academic paper is a feasible project and the reasons are as follows:
1.I have great interests in the way of English-Chinese translation.
2.I have already studied translation methods and have been familiar with the functions and applications of ellipsis .
3.I have collected enough references both Chinese and Western on ellipsis in
translation and do a scrupulous study of the relationship between them.
4.I have a carefully planned schedule and have worked out a detailed outline of this thesis.
5.I have acquainted myself with the correct format, a clear and complete structure required by the academic paper, and my adequate English competence will enable me to write in fluent and precise English.
6.My instructor is a qualified translator who is familiar with the subject I havechosen.
IV. Problems of the research and solutions
1. Problems
Despite the references I have collected and read, a thorough study of ellipsis in English-Chinese translation from the point of freely using still needs far more. What’s more, owing to the limited ways of getting references in Xinjiang, I will have to make full use of my present resources. Also, this is the first time I have ever written such a serious academic paper. I am therefore a learner and lack the needed training and experience.
2. Solutions
(1) I shall make full use of my already acquired references which come from books, magazines and the Internet as well.
(2) I shall value my own original thoughts and mainly rely on detailed analysis that I have read from the books which have closely idea with my purpose.
(3) When I have difficulties in the writing process, I shall consult my instructor and seek for help.
V. Necessary conditions
1. Our university and school of foreign languages have provided the basic study and research conditions and facilities, including books and journals in the library and reading rooms.
2. The Internet is another source of information and on the campus we have easy access to the Internet.
3. I have been assigned an instructor to guide me through the whole process of planning and writing.
VI. Outline
I. Introduction
A. A Brief Introduction of Ellipsis in Translation
B. What Should We Pay Attention to When Dealing with Ellipsis
C. The Reason Why Ellipsis Is So Widely Used in Translation
1. Chinese Expressions Are Much Briefer Than That of English
2. English Grammar Is Wee-Knit and Complete in Sentence Structure
II. The Principles of Ellipsis
A. Omitted Words Must Be Useless And Unnecessary in the Translated Works
B. The Meaning of the Omitted Words Is Implied in the Test
C. Omitted Words Which Are Self-Evident
Ш. The Functions and Applications of Ellipsis
A. The Coherence of the Meaning of Expression
B. The Coincidence of the Manner of Expression
1. Ellipsis of Articles
a. Ellipsis of Definite Articles
b. Ellipsis of Indefinite Articles
2. Ellipsis of Prepositions
3. Ellipsis of Pronouns
a. Ellipsis of Personal and Impersonal Pronouns
b. Ellipsis of Indefinite Pronouns
c. Ellipsis of Relative Pronouns
4. Ellipsis of Conjunctions
a. Ellipsis of Coordinating Conjunctions
b. Ellipsis of Subordinate Conjunctions
5. Ellipsis of Rhetoric
a. Ellipsis of Repeated Words
b. Ellipsis of Synonyms
翻譯專業(yè)開題報告二
選題的原因、基本內(nèi)容：
英語成語(idiom)是英語的核心與精華。其內(nèi)容豐富，寓意深刻，具有濃厚的感情色彩。如果能在文章、談話或?qū)ν饨煌?，恰當?shù)丶右赃\用，會大大增加語言的表達能力，收到良好的效果。英語諺語是英語語言的精華，是英國藝術(shù)寶庫的瑰麗明珠。英語諺語的句式特點是句式簡單，語言精煉，富于形象比喻，充滿濃郁的.民族色彩。學習和研究英語諺語有助于啟迪思想，開拓視野，了解英國的歷史文化、風土人情，以及英國人民的人生哲理，同時還可以學到生動活潑的大眾語言。
本文通過比較英漢成語及諺語這兩種語言的相似及不同之處，詳細的介紹英語成語及諺語。第一部分主要從內(nèi)容和形式兩方面談?wù)動⒄Z成語及諺語的基本特色;第二部分談及英語成語及諺語的一般翻譯方法和翻譯時應(yīng)該注意的一些問題。
相關(guān)資料收集情況：
陳亞光。小議英諺語和成語的創(chuàng)新。上海外國語學院學報，1983。
黃粉保。英漢成語翻譯漫談。云夢學刊，1999/2
顧雪梁。語成語英譯探索。廣州師范學院學報，1993/2。
張培基，喻云根，李宗杰，彭謨禹?！队h翻譯教程》。北京：中國外語教育出版社，xx/8
楊永和。英語諺語的修辭特點研究。重慶工學院學報,xx/3。
論文提綱：
thesis statemen：this essay discourse the features and translation of english
idioms and proverbs. and from the society culture to find out the basic different between chinese.
outline
ⅰ. introduction: for chinese students, english idioms and proverbs is a stumbling block. so the characteristics and translation of idioms and proverbs should be studied.
ⅱ. the characteristics of english idioms and proverbs
a. the characteristics of english idioms
1. simple but rich
2. harmonious phonology
3. vivid metaphor
b. the characteristics of english proverb
1. concise and clear
2. symmetrical sentence pattern
3. rich and varied rhetoric
ⅲ. the translation of english idioms and proverbs
a. the theories of translation
1. literal translation
2. free translation
3. mechanical application of the synonym chinese proverb
4. literal translation and free translation
b. the points of translation
1. the literal translation of proverbs prohibited
2. the translation of proverbs to keep the original text style
3. the translation of proverbs to notice the national characteristic
4. the translation of proverbs to notice the artistic characteristic
ⅳ. conclusion
指導(dǎo)教師意見：
指導(dǎo)教師簽名：
年 月 日
化學專業(yè)開題報告
化學專業(yè)開題報告
化學專業(yè)是一種大學專業(yè)?；瘜W專業(yè)培養(yǎng)具備化學的基礎(chǔ)知識、基本理論和基本技能，能在化學及與化學相關(guān)的科學技術(shù)和其它領(lǐng)域從事科研、教學技術(shù)及相關(guān)管理工作的高級專門人才。以下小編為你收集了電鍍技術(shù)的研究現(xiàn)狀及未來發(fā)展趨勢，希望給你帶來一些參考的作用。
一、選題的背景、意義及目的
20世紀50年代前腐蝕的定義只局限于金屬腐蝕。從50年代以后，許多權(quán)威的腐蝕學者
或研究機構(gòu)傾向于把腐蝕的定義擴大到所有的材料。金屬及其合金至今仍然是最重要的結(jié)構(gòu)材料，所以金屬腐蝕還是最引人注意的問題之一。腐蝕給合金材料造成的直接損失巨大。有人統(tǒng)計每年全世界腐蝕報廢的金屬約一億噸,占年產(chǎn)量的20%～40%。估計全世界每年因腐蝕報廢的鋼鐵設(shè)備相當于年產(chǎn)量的30%。顯然，金屬構(gòu)件的毀壞，其價值遠比金屬材料的價值大的多；發(fā)達國家每年因腐蝕造成的經(jīng)濟損失約占國民生產(chǎn)總值的2-4%；美國每年因腐蝕要多消耗3.4%的能源；我國每年因腐蝕造成的經(jīng)濟損失至少達二百億。腐蝕的巨大危害不僅體現(xiàn)在經(jīng)濟損失上，它還會帶來慘重的人員傷亡、環(huán)境污染、資源浪費、阻礙新技術(shù)的發(fā)展、促進自然資源的損耗。
電鍍技術(shù)對解決材料的腐蝕具有重大作用。 電鍍在工業(yè)中的作用大致分為美觀裝飾、防護延壽、特殊功能等三大類其作用有： 1、 美化產(chǎn)品美觀，提升產(chǎn)品附加值
通過在基體表面電鍍一層金屬鍍膜，賦予產(chǎn)品表面金屬質(zhì)感、仿古色等多種精美金屬色，提高商品的附加值，在家居建材裝飾等行業(yè)廣泛應(yīng)用，如：門鎖、燈具、衛(wèi)浴、家居裝飾、工藝制品等。常見的鍍種有，鎳、鉻、仿金（黃銅）、黑鎳、金、銀等。 2、防護基體，延長產(chǎn)品壽命，節(jié)約金屬資源
防護性電鍍是電鍍加工工藝中主要的工藝種類之一。通過在基體表面鍍覆一層薄而致密的耐蝕鍍層或比基體電位負的陽極性鍍層，以達到保護基體、延長產(chǎn)品使用壽命的目的。在裝飾產(chǎn)品的同時也節(jié)約了資源。防護型鍍層廣泛應(yīng)用在汽車、輪船、機械等行業(yè)。如：汽車輪轂、摩托車檔泥板、機械配件、鋼構(gòu)等，代表工藝有多層鎳鉻、鋅、錫等。
3、使非金屬材料金屬化：塑料電鍍是此類工藝的代表。隨著塑料電鍍工藝的.發(fā)展成熟，使得塑料等新材料工業(yè)得到了飛速發(fā)展，使得電子工業(yè)中的集成電路成為可能，推動了整個電子工業(yè)的發(fā)展，最具代表的就是PCB塑料電路板電鍍工藝。通過在塑料表面金屬化后鍍覆一層銅，再經(jīng)過電路刻蝕后形集成電鍍板?，F(xiàn)代的體積小，功能強大的電子產(chǎn)品均得益于此電鍍工藝。
二、國內(nèi)外電鍍技術(shù)研究現(xiàn)狀、水平及發(fā)展趨勢
目前，電鍍技術(shù)主要在裝飾、材料輕量化和異形結(jié)構(gòu)加工方面研究發(fā)展較為成熟?，F(xiàn)代汽車、摩托車和自行車日趨輕量化且豪華美觀, 其塑料電鍍發(fā)揮了重要作用。建筑裝飾已是建筑物的重要組成部分。無論是從經(jīng)濟效益, 還是從提高建筑安全性能的角度來看, 采用輕質(zhì)非金屬材料制作建筑裝飾件都是十分有利的, 而材料的首選就是玻璃鋼(FRP)。在FRP無電鍍技術(shù)以前, 在建筑中就有多項應(yīng)用。減輕材料的重量，對建筑的安全性具有重要作用。塑料電鍍技術(shù)是首選。目前此技術(shù)已在建筑領(lǐng)域發(fā)揮巨大作用。
2007年12月14日，在北京航空航天大學如心學術(shù)會議廳，由北京電鍍學會組織召開了2007年下半年的電鍍新技術(shù)學術(shù)研討會。會議介紹了最近的研究成果，包括高性能貴金屬氧化物不溶性陽極、有機廢水電解處理、導(dǎo)電性納米電極、氫能利用、DSA的應(yīng)用以及鍍金、鍍銠技術(shù)等。
塑料電鍍是現(xiàn)代加工工藝中典型的新型材料和新工藝結(jié)合的技術(shù)。隨著21世紀高科技發(fā)展的需要，塑料電鍍在工程和功能方面還會大幅度擴展，一些新的電鍍技術(shù)將會應(yīng)運而生。如在陶瓷基上電鍍銅制作的電容器，對全塑封裝的小型變壓器的外封裝塑料進行電鍍來屏蔽電磁場，增強了變壓器的性能和壽命。塑料電鍍技術(shù)是值得表面處理界關(guān)注的技術(shù),尤其是塑料表面的直接電鍍, 綜合了非金屬材料和金屬材料兩方面的優(yōu)點, 只要設(shè)計人員對兩者的性能有足夠的了解, 充分加以利用, 就有可能制作出有特點的制品, 應(yīng)用前景廣闊。
三、電鍍技術(shù)研究理論依據(jù)、內(nèi)容和方法
電鍍指的是通過化學、物理手段在需要的材料表面鍍上保護材料，改變材料的性能。未來電鍍技術(shù)的發(fā)展在塑料、陶瓷方面研究前景廣闊。通常需要電鍍的材料為固態(tài)，被電鍍上的材料的有效成分在溶液中，通過外加電壓，使需電鍍的材料均勻析出在需要電鍍的材料表面。
通過理論計算需要電鍍材料的電勢，和所加的外加電壓，通過試驗，使需要的材料電鍍到使用材料上，從而改變材料的性能。
四、課題研究的過程
通過在網(wǎng)絡(luò)、圖書館收集有關(guān)電鍍的資料，對目前電鍍技術(shù)研究的現(xiàn)狀和同領(lǐng)域研究觀點的差別，提出自己的觀點。根據(jù)實際情況，安排收集資料、整理資料、總結(jié)資料的時間。規(guī)劃出寫論文的步驟。主要的是每一階段研究的時間作出明顯設(shè)定。保證研究過程環(huán)環(huán)緊扣，有條不紊，循序漸進。
五、主要參考文獻
《畢業(yè)論文寫作與文獻檢索》主編：趙滿華 北京郵電大學出版社 《大學生畢業(yè)設(shè)計（論文）寫作指南》主編：周志高 化學工業(yè)出版社 《電鍍與涂飾》雜志